INTRODUCTION:

Innovation, and has the properties that drive itself in the sense that nanoparticles can be recycled without the addition of a specific ligand due to the characteristic size of infected pathological regions. Both developing countries focus on herbal medicine approvals, mainly because of their low putative origin and side effects¹.

Nanotechnology can be used to enhance delivery of poorly water-soluble herbal drugs, targeted delivery in a cell or tissue, also some cross tight epithelial and endothelial barriers, release of large herbal molecules, co-delivery to two or more drugs and observation of sites of drug delivery by incorporating herbal drugs with imaging modalities.¹

Before reaching the blood, many of the ingredients in the herbal medicine are destroyed at the strongly acidic pH of the stomach, while the other ingredients are metabolized by the liver. It occurs. The optimal amount of herbal medicine will not achieve blood. If this drug is not achieved with the optimum amount of infected areas with minimal effectiveness, there may be no way to demonstrate the therapeutic effect of the drug. Nanocarriers applying for vegetable therapy¹.

Phytochemistry and plant medicine science have already determined the composition and biological activity of several medical plant products. Most of the biologically active ingredients in extracts such as flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids are highly water-soluble, but exhibit low absorption as they pass through lipid membranes, polymer sizes and are unable to show poor absorption. Several studies have shown that in vitro herbal medicines have good activity in assays that cannot be replicated in in vivo experiments. Furthermore, some essential substances are rarely used because they are not compatible with other components of the formulation or have undesired properties.¹.

Herbal drug treatments are the oldest remedies known to mankind. Herbs had been utilized by all cultures all through records however India has one of the oldest, richest and maximum various cultural residing traditions related to the use of medicinal vegetation. inside the gift scenario, the call for for herbal merchandise is growing exponentially in the course of the international and important pharmaceutical groups are presently carrying out widespread research on plant materials for their capability medicinal price. herbal drug generation is used for converting botanical materials into drug treatments, wherein standardization and exceptional control with proper integration of current medical techniques and traditional understanding is critical. natural formulations have reached vast acceptability as therapeutic marketers for diabetics, arthritics, liver illnesses, cough and cold, and memory enhancement in the course of the sector. Herbals are historically considered harmless and increasingly more being consumed via humans with out prescription. The conventional medicinal drug is an increasing number of solicited via the traditional practitioners and herbalists within the treatment of infectious sicknesses. The household remedies more often than not consist of regular kitchen components and are normally used as over the counter (OTC) medicines¹³.

Figure 1.1: Application of Nanotechnology to the Extraction of Herbal Components for Medicinal Uses.

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT: Natural products, including plants, are the basis for the treatment of old human diseases. The foundations of the concept of modern medicine's development remain rooted in traditional medicine and treatment methods. In various parts of the world, such as ancient China, Egypt, Africa, America, India, and other regions, plants were used long before the history of detection for medical purposes. Chemical analysis was first available in the early 19th century, and began to extract and modify herbal ingredients. For a long time, herbal medicines for development have not been considered as new formulations due to the lack of scientific legitimacy, lack of processing difficulties such as standardization, extraction, and identification of individual drug components in complex hirsuts. However, modern plant medicine research solves the scientific needs of herbal medicines such as modern medicine, which make up the space for the development of new formulations, such as nanoparticles, microemulsions, matrix systems, solid dispersions, liposomes, SLNs, and more. The nanomycellar system, nanool tubes, and colloidal nanogels have been developed for curcumin, which can be used in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents such as paclitaxel².

BENEFITS OF HERBAL NANOPARTICLE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:

1. Expressions EPR (enhanced permeation and retention) result i.e. enhanced permeation through the barriers because of the small size and maintenance due to poor lymphatic drainage such in tumor.

2. Shows passive pointing to the illness site of action without the accumulation of any particular ligand moiety.

3. Reduction in the side effects.

4. Decrease in the dose of the drug formulation.

5. Nanoparticulate scheme delivers the herbal invention directly to the site of action.

6. Improved efficacy and therapeutic index¹.

Methods Which Are Used for the Preparation of Above Nanopharmaceuticals:

1. Complex Coacervation Method: This is a natural phase separation process of two liquid phases in colloidal systems, which results due to the interaction of two oppositely charged polyelectrolytes upon mixing in an aqueous solution.

It mainly includes three steps:

1. Development of three immiscible chemical phases.

2. Depositing the liquid polymer coating upon the core material.

3. Rigidizing the coating¹.

Types of nanoparticles:

Various types of nanoparticles used in nanotechnology on herbal drug they May be followings.

1) Polymeric Nanoparticles:

A polymer is a large molecule or polymer made up of repeated subunits. Cell-targeting DNA¹².

2)Metallic Nanoparticles:

Metal nanoparticles are nanocyonic metals with scale variations of 10-100nm. Metal nanoparticles have certain properties such as floor Prason resonance and optical residence. The golden answer is the golden yellow metal nanoparticles, with a scale of 10-100nm, and is a nano-similar metal. Metal nanoparticles have certain properties such as floor Prason resonance and optical houses. The golden answer is golden yellow. For example, the response from a 20nm golden nanocoball has a purple ruby colour, where the 200nm nanospheric staining is bluish. Noble metals, especially coloration, are the responses of, for example, 20nm golden nanocoballs, with a purple ruby colour, where 200nm nanospheric staining is bluish. Noble metals, especially silver and gold, have acquired researchers in various fields of technical know-how and production particle catalysts, photography, anti-cancer and antibacterial ingredients as antibacterial ingredients¹².

3) Solid Lipid Nanoparticles:

Nanoparticles made of powerful lipids (SLNs) first set in December 1991¹².

4) Ceramic Nanoparticles:

Ceramic nanoparticles are inorganic solids made of carbon, carbonate, oxide, carbonate, carbonate, phosphate, and are synthesized by heat and continuous cooling. They can be found in polycrystalline, density, amorphous, polycrystalline, density, porous or hollow shapes. Therefore, these NPs are very considerate of applications such as catalysts, photocatalysts, and dye light cancellation. By controlling several physical properties, these nanoparticles in pharmaceutical delivery systems can be formulated, particularly in tumors, glaucoma, and several bacterial infections¹².

5) Quantum dots:

If stable exhibits a great version of optical and electronic residences with versions of particle size <100nm, they are called nanostructures and are classified as (1) 2D. g., thin film or quantum fountain, (2) typical QD varieties in 1 dimension, e.g. 2-20 nm. However, the diameter must be strictly below 10 nm.

6) Liposome nanoparticle:

Liposomes are phospholipid vesicles including one or greater concentric lipid bilayers and characteristic a structural resemblance to mobile membranes. They can be designed to maintain their physical houses at body temperature, via right lipid composition the use of phospholipids with immoderate phase transition temperature except composition, residences of liposomes are dominated via manner of approach of numerous specific elements which encompass their technique of guidance, length, floor charge, firmness of bilayer and ground functionalization¹².

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF THE NANOPARTICLES FORMULATIONS:

Some vegetable products produced as powerful nanoparticles and mentioned in the text are not the same among the vegetable products approved by the FDA. For example, curcumin is synthesized using wet milling technology 23-25 and has strong activity against cancer and antitumor activity. Antitumor paclitaxel is used to combat breast and ovarian cancer, various types of tumors, and synthetic M-etods of nanopin agents. Corrected. Anti-cancer characteristics. Alzheimer's disease or dementia caused by a combination of wet and drying processes is both due to ginkgo biloba (liquid phase or gas phase grinding). An anti-hyperlipid drug loaded with phospholipid complexes that improve blood stakes and are also used for cerebrovascular diseases. Through Drovica 40-40. Fibrosis, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease. 43-45 naringenin is produced using the nanoprecipitation method and has antitumor and hepatic crystalline properties. It is produced using hydrophilic encapsulation methods for the treatment of used activity and asthma. 51.52 Hepatoprotective-bound marine produced using cold homogenization methods protects against breast cancer and other liver diseases. A nanoemulsion made of chitosan microclock and nanoemulsion, nanoemulsion, nanoemulsion, nanoemulsion, nanoemulsion, nanoemulsion and nanoemulsion that can be treated with nanoemulsions. Cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis.⁹.

Co-precipitation Method: This method involves the production of O/W emulsions using an oil phase with a polymer such as PLGA or oil in an organic solvent emulsified in an aqueous phase with a stabilizer at university temperature, followed by the addition of water to induce diffusion of the organic solvent that creates the formation of nanoparticles¹.

Figure:2. schematic diagram of co-precitation method

Solvent Emulsification–diffusion Method: This method involves the production of O/W emulsions using an oil phase with a polymer such as PLGA or oil in an organic solvent emulsified in an aqueous phase with a stabilizer at university temperature, followed by the addition of water to induce diffusion of the organic solvent that creates the formation of nanoarticle¹.

Figure: 3. Solvent emulsification diffusion method.

Phytoconstituents for the treatment of cancer:

At this time, more than half of all anti-cancer drugs approved by the US FDA have natural origins, and more than 60% of all drugs received in clinical research on cancer have natural origins. Epidemiological studies have shown that eating diets with high phytochemicals, including fruits and vegetables, can reduce the likelihood of cancer. High concentrations of various phytochemicals can be found in fresh, processed fruits and foods. Polyphenols containing anthocyans and other flavonoids, hydrolyzable tannins (eragitanin and gallotanin), condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) and other tannins form important components of these phytochemicals. Antioxidants are one of the proposed mechanisms where polyphenols have anti-cancer effects³.

Characterstics of nanoparticles:

1. Nanoparticle suspensions are conceivable as the solvent-particle surface interaction is strong enough to overcome variations in density.

2. A driving force for diffusion is provided by the large surface area to volume ratio of nanoparticles.

3. Janus particles, which are nanoparticles that are half hydrophilic and half hydrophobic, are particularly useful for stabilizing emulsions.⁴

Table 1: Herbal Drug Nanoparticles

Sr. No	Formulations	Active Ingredients	Biological activity	Method Of Preparation	Benefit Of Formulation
1.	Berberine-loaded nanoparticles	Berberine	Anti-neoplastic activity	Ionic gelation method.	H. pylori growth inhibition
2.	Curcuminoids solid lipid nanoparticles	Curcuminoids	Antitumor, antioxidant, antiamylodin, antiplatelet aggregation and anti- inflammatory, antimalarial.	Micro-emulsion technique.	increase in activity Enhanced stability of curcuminoids
3.	Artemisinin nanocapsules	Artemisinin	Anticancer	Self assembly procedure.	achieving prolonged drug release through self-assembly of polyelectroytes on natural drug crystals. controlled release
4.	Nanoparticles of cuscuta chinensis	Flavonoids and lignans	Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects to improve sexual function, prevent senescence and regulate the immune system. Some studies showed anticancer, antiageing and immune-stimulatory effects.46-50	Nanosuspension method.	Enhanced solubility

Health Effects of Nanoparticles:

Nanoparticles are small particles that can enter the human body in several ways. One common route is through the lungs, where it can quickly travel into the bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream, it can be transported to important organs, including blood cell smears. In addition to the lungs, nanoparticles can also be absorbed by the intestinal tract, leading to systemic distribution throughout the body. It consists of potential health effects. Some medical nanoparticles have advantageous properties, but other adverse effects on human health are advantageous. Therefore, further testing is necessary to better understand the interaction between nanoparticles and the human body.⁴

Herbal Formulations: Need for Nano- Sized Delivery System Prospects of Nano Herbal Formulations:

Herbal helper ability to increase pharmacological activity and address pure herbal complications. However, there are still many obstacles to overcome before using clinically effective medications in this area. Current obstacles to convert these technologies into treatments include testing new technologies for the treatment of nanomaterials that interact with biological systems and affect their function. The ability of scale-up procedures to rapidly bring new therapeutic technologies to the market, and the possibility of developing multifunctional systems to meet various biological and therapeutic requirements, is the recent challenge in the development of medical management systems based on NANO technology.⁴

Authentication of plant:

Formal scientific structures are transferring to the extent of fashionable drug treatments in remedy and preventive factors. The elevated change in medicinal vegetation gives you sales citation for herbalists whilst substitution of occasional components with less expensive and more with ease functional species is deluding the give up users. The tremendous reason of the problems related to the standardization of medicinal vegetation is complex arrangement of natural capsules used within the shape of whole plant life, plant components or extracts. Purposeful adulteration of planned components are posing hassle in distinguishing the real aids. Authentication of medicinal¹⁴.

Formal scientific systems are shifting to the volume of elegant drug treatments in treatment and preventive elements. The extended alternate in medicinal flora offers you sales citation for herbalists at the same time as substitution of occasional additives with much less highly-priced and extra without problems functional species is deluding the give up users. The terrific purpose of the issues associated with the standardization of medicinal flora is complicated arrangement of natural capsules used in the form of entire plant life, plant components or extracts. Purposeful adulteration of deliberate additives are posing problem in distinguishing the real aids. Authentication of medicinal ¹⁴.

Need for novel drug delivery system “nano-carriers” for “herbal remedies”

Before they reach the blood, many components of the stomach's highly acidic pH herbal medicine can be destroyed, and other components may be metabolized by the liver. That's because of the fact that the optimal amount of herbal medicine may not reach the blood. If this drug is not achieved with the optimum amount of infected areas with minimal effectiveness, there may be no way to demonstrate the therapeutic effect of the drug. Nanocarriers applying for vegetable therapy⁵.

Nano medicine:

Many traditional drugs are associated with insufficient pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and toxicity that limit the scope of use. It is true that clinical translation of nanomedicines remains extremely difficult for cancer treatment. Nanotechnology has made a significant contribution to oncology by reducing the harmful side effects of drugs, but patient survival has not increased. The application of nanotechnology in medicine or "nanomedicine" is already changing and can affect many aspects of clinical practice and research, and have a significant impact on human health. Materials based on nanotechnology with special physical, chemical and biological properties offer many new ways to treat, diagnose and prevent a variety of diseases and diseases. It has been proposed that nanomedicine, dose volume and frequency be minimized, while only the mentioned effects are maintained. The unpromised promises have not been realized due to their complex a priori design⁶.

Figure:4. Schematic representation of common nanocarriers for herbal drug delivery

Synthetic-herbal drug combination:

Tacrolimus containing curcumin: Curcumin is a well-known traditional medicine with many advantageous skin-related benefits. It was observed that many inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1², IL-6, TNF-IN, and cyclin E, were inhibited by him. Its anti-psoriatic effects are usually transmitted via path nf-îºb and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase). The drug tacrolimus suppresses the immune system. It binds to calcium and inhibits calcinulin, a cytoplasmic protein required for T-Zell activation and proliferation⁶.

Biosynthesis of nanoparticles loaded with herbal extracts:

Researchers have recently been interested in the use of herbal extracts for the synthesis of nanoparticles. This method has several advantages, including a biocompatible stabilization process, fast synthesis, and achieving the desired morphology. Biomolecules promote the reduction of metal ions throughout the preparation process. Therefore, biosynthesis was considered to be more advantageous as an alternative chemical and physical approach. Synthesis of nanoparticles using plants as reducing agents involves bottom-up and top-down approaches. Biosynthetic nanoparticles using plant extracts involve washing and cooking the extract, filtration and addition of the corresponding salt solution to create the desired nanoparticles. Over time, the solution experiences a color shift, indicating the creation of nanoparticles. These nanoparticles can be separated, washed and dried for future applications⁶.

Solvent Evaporation:

· Polymer is dissolved in organic solvent like acetone, chloroform etc.

· The drug is dissolved or dispersed into the preformed polymer solution.

· Then the mixture is emulsified with aqueous phase to prepare o/w emulsion by using a surfactant.

· After formation of a stable emulsion, the organic solvent is evaporated either by increasing temperature/under reduced pressure or by continuous stirring.

· The w/o/w method is also applied to prepare water soluble drug loaded NPs.[7].

Characterization of Synthesised Nanoparticles:

Characterization refers to the inspection of materials of physical and chemical properties, composition and structure. Nanoparticles are generally characterized by their size, morphology, and surface loading using advanced microscopy techniques such as Rasterelectron microscopes (SEM), transmission electron microscopes (TEM), and nuclear power microscopes (AFM). Electron microscopy technology is extremely useful in determining the overall shape of polymer nanoparticles and can determine toxicity. The surface load of nanoparticles affects the physical stability and redispersant and the performance of the presence of the polymer dispersion.⁸.

Health Implications of Nanoparticles:

Nanoparticles can enter the human body in several ways, via Lungs where a rapid translocation through the blood stream to the vital organs is possible including the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) and absorption by Intestinal tract and Skin⁸.

Common herbal remedies and their uses:

A common principle of traditional medicine asserts that natural remedies were passed down from ancient generations who had figured out cures for various ailments over time. Herbs and Their Traditional Uses: -

· Echinacea: commonly used to stimulate the immune system and assist with colds/respiratory infections.

· Ginger: Used for digestive problems it has a very nice anti-nausea feeling. It also has Anti Inflammatory Properties.

· Chamomile: Often used as a gentle sedative and to reduce insomnia, anxiety or digestive complaints.

· Turmeric: Curcumin has anti-inflammatory effect with antioxidant properties It is commonly used for joint pain and arthritis.

· Garlic: although it has cardiovascular benefits like lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels. It is also an antimicrobial.

· Dandelion: A diuretic and for liver health. The leaves are good for digestion and the root is great to support liver function.

· Licorice Root: Helps Digestion & Sore Throats. It is also used in the management of respiratory conditions¹⁵.

Properties of Nanoparticles:

· The term nanoparticle are defined as solid submicron sized drug carrier that may or may not be biodegradable.

· The term nanoparticles acombined name for both nanospheres and nanocapsules.

· Nanospheres is metric system in which drug is uniformly dispersed, while Nanocapsule is a system in which drug is surrounded by a unique polymeric membrane.

· Nanoparticles consists of three layers: the surface layer, the shell layer and the core. The surface layer usually consists of variety of molecules such as metal ion surfactants and polymers.

· Nanoparticles can exist as suspensions, colloids, or dispersed aerosols depending on their chemical and electromagnetic properties.

· The properties of nanoparticles is based upon their size. For instant copper nanoparticles than are smaller than 50 nm are super hard material and do not exhibit the properties of malleability or ductility of copper. Other changes that are dependent on the size of nanoparticles are super magnetism exhibited by magnetic materials, quantum confinement¹⁰.

Peptide Self-Assembled Nanostructures for Drug Delivery Applications:

Molecular self-assembly organizes molecules under equilibrium conditions that naturally have non-covalent interactions. Self-assembly with various complex nano and microstructures is essentially based¹¹.

Mechanisms used in many areas of self-flag appliances prepare functional materials. In most cases, thermodynamic stopping devices are formed by enthalpandotropical interactions containing reactive solvent molecular peptides made of natural or synthetic amino acids, made with basic assembly units and basic repeating units for the construction of molecular assemblies. There are three main approaches to collect peptides into nanostructures: festival phase peptide synthesis, ring-opening polymerization, and protein technology. Confirm the peptide structure in advance with either pre- or moderate sequences using fixed phase peptide synthesis. This method has a very high yield, but the Syn-Thetic sequence is less than 70 amino acids¹¹.

CONCLUSION:

nanotechnology offers promising advancements in drug development, particularly in enhancing the delivery of herbal medicines. The unique properties of nanoparticles enable their recycling and targeted action, effectively addressing the poor solubility and bioavailability issues often associated with herbal remedies due to gastrointestinal degradation. While traditional herbal medicines face challenges such as standardization and improved formulation methodologies, recent research has explored various nanocarrier systems, including polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes, which have shown improved drug-targeting efficacy, reduced side effects, and enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Moreover, biologically active phytochemicals have exhibited promise in cancer treatments, leveraging their antioxidant properties. Current methods for preparing nanopharmaceuticals, such as complex coacervation, co-precipitation, and solvent emulsification-diffusion, contribute to efficient encapsulation and delivery of active ingredients. However, the use of nanoparticles raises health risks that require further exploration, as their complex interactions with biological systems necessitate extensive testing to ensure safety and efficacy. The future of nanomedicine hinges on overcoming these obstacles, with prospects for innovative drug delivery systems that can transform therapeutic practices. Sustainable biosynthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts is gaining attention, demonstrating faster synthesis and desirable morphological characteristics, while advances in characterization techniques are critical in evaluating nanoparticle properties and functionality. Ultimately, the integration of nanotechnology in herbal medicine holds significant potential, but careful consideration of safety and environmental impact is paramount for successful application in the healthcare sector.

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Received on 19.08.2025 Revised on 06.09.2025

Accepted on 23.09.2025 Published on 10.10.2025

Available online from October 18, 2025

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2025; 17(4):307-313.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2025.00049

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